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[17] The queen's army, headed by Condé, attacked the rebels in Paris; the rebels were under the political control of Anne's old friend Marie de Rohan. [80] Moreover, Louis's foreign minister, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, marquis de Torcy, pointed out that war with the Emperor would almost certainly ensue whether Louis accepted the partition treaties or Charles II's will. Unlike that which preceded it, tales of sordid intrigue and half-hearted warfare characterized this second phase of upper-class insurrection. [94] This included banning opera and comedy performances during Lent. Two days before his death on March 9th, 1661, Cardinal Mazarin summoned the leading Ministers of state, Michel le Tellier, Hugues de Lionne and Nicolas Foucquet, to commend them to the young King in whose name he had ruled for nearly eighteen years. Throughout these regions Louis and Colbert embarked on an extensive program of architecture and urbanism meant to reflect the styles of Versailles and Paris and the 'gloire' of the realm.[41]. Without royal approval, bishops could not leave France, and appeals could not be made to the Pope. Pastors could choose either exile or a secular life. [1][a] Louis XIV's France was emblematic of the age of absolutism in Europe. Johan de Witt, Dutch Grand Pensionary from 1653 to 1672, viewed them as crucial for Dutch security and against his domestic Orangist opponents. [65] Then, in 1688, Maximilian Henry of Bavaria, Archbishop of Cologne, an ally of France, died. Before this happened, Louis expected William's expedition to England to absorb his energies and those of his allies, so he dispatched troops to the Rhineland after the expiry of his ultimatum to the German princes requiring confirmation of the Truce of Ratisbon and acceptance of his demands about the succession crises. He sometimes danced leading roles which were suitably royal or godlike (such as Neptune, Apollo, or the Sun). His mother had experienced four stillbirths between 1619 and 1631. Though in some respects the Treaty of Ryswick may appear a diplomatic defeat for Louis since he failed to place client rulers in control of the Palatinate or the Electorate of Cologne, he did in fact fulfill many of the aims laid down in his 1688 ultimatum. At Versailles, the king alone commanded attention. [89], When he legitimized his children by Madame de Montespan on 20 December 1673, Françoise d'Aubigné became the royal governess at Saint-Germain. Numerous quotes have been attributed to Louis XIV by legend. The principal claimants to the throne of Spain belonged to the ruling families of France and Austria. He took delivery of an African elephant as a gift from the king of Portugal. WhileCardinal Mazarin was in exile, Louis' trust in Colbert grew. This required breaking up the Triple Alliance; he paid Sweden to remain neutral and signed the 1670 Secret Treaty of Dover with Charles, an Anglo-French alliance against the Dutch Republic. In peacetime he concentrated on preparing for the next war. Otherwise, he may simply have desired to end the remaining divisions in French society dating to the Wars of Religion by fulfilling his coronation oath to eradicate heresy. [128] It was widely repeated but also denounced as apocryphal by the early 19th century. Arguably, Louis also applied himself indirectly to "the alleviation of the burdens of [his] subjects." Despite evidence of affection early on in their marriage, Louis was never faithful to Maria Theresa. His reign of 72 years and 110 days is the longest recorded of any monarch of a sovereign country in European history. [89] It is believed that they were married secretly at Versailles on or around 10 October 1683[90] or January 1684. Secondly, following the proposal of René de Marillac and the Marquis of Louvois, he began quartering dragoons in Protestant homes. [30] Mazarin and Lionne, however, made the renunciation conditional on the full payment of a Spanish dowry of 500,000 écus. Impelled by "a mix of commerce, revenge, and pique", he sensed that war was the ideal way to enhance his glory. Even while French Catholic leaders exulted, Pope Innocent XI still argued with Louis over Gallicanism and criticised the use of violence. The Cardinal depended totally on Anne's support and had to use all his influence on the Queen to avoid nullifying, but to restrain some of her radical actions. He also disallowed Protestant-Catholic intermarriages to which third parties objected, encouraged missions to the Protestants, and rewarded converts to Catholicism. [122] And Lord Acton admired him as "by far the ablest man who was born in modern times on the steps of a throne". Unfortunately for Anne, her partial victory depended on Condé, who wanted to control the queen and destroy Mazarin's influence. Although the Genoese submitted, and the Doge led an official mission of apology to Versailles, France gained a reputation for brutality and arrogance. [135][136] He named it after Louis IX and intended it as a reward for outstanding officers. Paris erupted in rioting as a result, and Anne was forced, under intense pressure, to free Broussel. During the 1660s the King of France Louis XIV's most trusted minister was the son of a fabric merchant, named Jean-Baptiste Colbert. He was devoted to the soldiers' material well-being and morale, and even tried to direct campaigns. They often focused on the miseries arising from poor government, but also carried the hope for a better future when Louis escaped the malignant influence of his ministers and mistresses, and took the government into his own hands. A conflict with Spain marked his entire childhood, while during his reign, the kingdom took part in three major continental conflicts, each against powerful foreign alliances: the Franco-Dutch War, the War of the League of Augsburg, and the War of the Spanish Succession. All that remained of his immediate family was Louis's sister-in-law, Elizabeth Charlotte. Under pressure from his German wife, Maria Anna of Neuburg, Charles II named the Archduke Charles as his sole heir. [116], Some historians point out that it was a customary demonstration of piety in those days to exaggerate one's sins. By attaching nobles to his court at Versailles, Louis achieved increased control over the French aristocracy. [21] However, Louis' coming-of-age and subsequent coronation deprived them of the Frondeurs' pretext for revolt. The French monarch wielded considerable power but it was neither absolute nor unchecked. This was a step toward equality before the law and toward sound public finance, but so many concessions and exemptions were won by nobles and bourgeois that the reform lost much of its value.[26]. He was named Louis Dieudonné (Louis the God-given)[6] and bore the traditional title of French heirs apparent: Dauphin. Patrilineal descent is the principle behind membership in royal houses, as it can be traced back through the generations - which means that if King Louis were to choose an historically accurate house name it would be Robertian, as all his male-line ancestors have been of that house. From that time until his death, Mazarin was in charge of foreign and financial policy without the daily supervision of Anne, who was no longer regent. Over his lifetime, Louis commissioned numerous works of art to portray himself, among them over 300 formal portraits. On the other hand, petitions addressed either directly to Louis or to his ministers exploited the traditional imagery and language of monarchy. Praising his ability to choose and encourage men of talent, the historian Chateaubriand noted: "it is the voice of genius of all kinds which sounds from the tomb of Louis".[25]. Conseil des dépêches ("Council of Messages", concerning notices and administrative reports from the provinces). Remembered for his probably apocryphal assertion, “I am the state,” Louis oversaw an absolutist regime that was the envy of monarchs across the continent, many of whom sought to emulate the French king. If you have already purchased access, or are a print & archive subscriber, please ensure you are logged in. [59], Historians have debated Louis' reasons for issuing the Edict of Fontainebleau. With the exception of the current Royal Chapel (built near the end of his reign), the palace achieved much of its current appearance after the third building campaign, which was followed by an official move of the royal court to Versailles on 6 May 1682. However, the death of Narai, King of Ayutthaya, the execution of his pro-French minister Constantine Phaulkon, and the Siege of Bangkok in 1688 ended this era of French influence. The Spanish marriage would be very important both for its role in ending the war between France and Spain, because many of the claims and objectives of Louis' foreign policy for the next 50 years would be based upon this marriage, and because it was through this marriage that the Spanish throne would ultimately be delivered to the House of Bourbon (which holds it to this day). In 1667, the net receipts had risen to 20 million pounds sterling, while expenditure had fallen to 11 million, leaving a surplus of 9 million pounds. Additionally, in the colonies, only Roman Catholics could own slaves, and these had to be baptised. Sixteenth-century rulers had often issued medals in small numbers to commemorate the major events of their reigns. In 1648, Anne and Mazarin attempted to tax members of the Parlement de Paris. In defiance of custom, which would have made Queen Anne the sole Regent of France, the king decreed that a regency council would rule on his son's behalf. Britain kept Gibraltar and Menorca. The clear demonstration of French military superiority for many decades before this time, the pro-French faction at the court of Spain, and even Pope Innocent XII convinced him that France was more likely to preserve his empire intact. In Louis’s view, he and the state were one and the same. Over the course of four building campaigns, Louis converted a hunting lodge built by Louis XIII into the spectacular Palace of Versailles. [129][b][130], He did say, "Every time I appoint someone to a vacant position, I make a hundred unhappy and one ungrateful. [72] Louis tried to break up the alliance against him by dealing with individual opponents, but did not achieve his aim until 1696, when the Savoyards agreed to the Treaty of Turin and switched sides. [7] At the time of his birth, his parents had been married for 23 years. )", "La Mise en Spectacle De La Religion Royale: Recherches sur la Devotion de Louis XIV", "Force, Order, and Diplomacy in the Age of Louis XIV", "La Gloire du Roi: Iconographie de Louis XIV de 1661 a 1672", Henriette Marie, Queen of England, Ireland and Scotland, Anne Marie Louise, Duchess of Montpensier, Marguerite Louise, Grand Duchess of Tuscany, Élisabeth Marguerite, Duchess of Alençon and Angoulême, Françoise d'Aubigné, Marchioness of Maintenon, Maria Carolina Sophia Felicity Leszczyńska, Provisional Government of the French Republic, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_XIV&oldid=1000149468, French military personnel of the Nine Years' War, People of the Regency of Philippe d'Orléans, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2020, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2017, Articles lacking reliable references from May 2020, Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links, Articles lacking reliable references from May 2019, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Articles needing additional references from August 2017, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Legitimised on 20 February 1669. His revocation of the Edict of Nantes abolished the rights of the Huguenot Protestant minority and subjected them to a wave of dragonnades, effectively forcing Huguenots to emigrate or convert, and virtually destroying the French Protestant community. In the end, however, despite renewed tensions with the Camisards of south-central France at the end of his reign, Louis may have helped ensure that his successor would experience fewer instances of the religion-based disturbances that had plagued his forebears. The archbishopric had traditionally been held by the Wittelsbachs of Bavaria, but the Bavarian claimant to replace Maximilian Henry, Prince Joseph Clemens of Bavaria, was at that time not more than 17 years old and not even ordained. LOUIS XIV COMES TO POWER How did Louis XIV rule? Anne wanted to give her son absolute authority and a victorious kingdom. [citation needed] France retained Île-Saint-Jean and Île Royale, and Louis acquired a few minor European territories, such as the Principality of Orange and the Ubaye Valley, which covered transalpine passes into Italy. In 1646, Nicolas V de Villeroy became the young king's tutor. [104] For Louis, ballet may not have merely been a tool for manipulation in his propaganda machinery. Louis also patronised the visual arts by funding and commissioning artists such as Charles Le Brun, Pierre Mignard, Antoine Coysevox, and Hyacinthe Rigaud, whose works became famous throughout Europe. As Louis aged, so too did the manner in which he was depicted. By legend ballet and frequently danced in court ballets during the classical age numerous quotes been! Austrian land holdings later works, which avoided depictions of the war of Devolution in 1667 administrative... Reached ; the Peace of Westphalia allowed Condé 's sister who pushed to! 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