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Regardless of one's vocation, Lingayatism suggests giving and donating a part of one's time, effort and income to one's community and to religious mendicants. Lingayats form 17 per cent of the state’s total population. Ganāchāra – Defence of the community and its tenets. They call this state aikya (unity with linga). [71], Shunya, in a series of Kannada language texts, is equated with the Virashaiva concept of the Supreme. Most of Kerala's 33.3 million people (in 2011) are of Malayali (Malayalam language speaking) ethnicity. [web 17][web 2] Central NDA government does not took any decision on this. "[web 8] Nevertheless, some mutts support the campaign for the status of a separate religion, while "others content to be counted as a caste within Hinduism. [90] The drinking of alcohol is prohibited. Findings of the ‘caste census’, accessed by News18, show that the Scheduled Castes account for 19.5% of the state’s population and the Muslims make up 16%. The Lingayats and Vokkaligas make up 14% and 11%, respectively. Everyday, the devotee removes this personal linga from its box, places it in left palm, offers puja and then meditates about becoming one with the linga, in his or her journey towards the atma-linga. Leiden: E. J. Brill. In this narrative, Basava was regarded as a reviver of this ancient teaching. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. The third section of the house, the backyard, is used for storing hay, fuel, etc. [31] The Sharana-movement was inspired by the Nayanars, and emphasised personal religious experience over text-based dogmatism. They fought the Bijapur Sultans, and the Virasaiva leader Sadasiva Nayaka played a key role in leading the capture of Sultanate fortress such as at Gulbarga. [web 5], According to Gauri Lankesh,[note 9] "Lingayats are followers of Basavanna," while Veerashaivism is a Vedic Shaiva tradition, which "accepts the Vedic text. Bhrityāchāra – Compassion towards all creatures. Kin Groups and Descent. [43] Similarly, the scripture of Lingayatism Basava Purana was completed in 1369 during the reign of Vijayanagara ruler Bukka Raya I. Kin groups among rural Lingayats maintain and reinforce their kinship relations through uncleniece, cross-cousin, and exchange marriages. [64] But Basava's approach is different than Adi Shankara, states Schouten, in that Basava emphasises the path of devotion, compared to Shankara's emphasis on the path of knowledge—a system of monistic Advaita philosophy widely discussed in Karnataka in the time of Basava. [14][21] The Lingayats were also anti-Brahmin as evidenced by the polemics against the Brahmins in early Veerashaiva literature. Lingayats are antimagic and antisupernatural in their religious orientation. [96][97] In some parts of Karnataka, these temples are samadhis of Lingayat saints, in others such as the Veerabhadra temple of Belgavi – one of the important pilgrimage sites for Lingayats,[98] and other historic temples, the Shiva temple is operated and maintained by Lingayat priests. [9] Lingayats celebrate anniversaries (jayanti) of major religious leaders of their tradition, as well as Hindu festivals such as the Shivaratri and Ganesh Chaturthi. The climate is basically a tropical monsoon type and the temperatures change periodically, varying between 15° and 40° C. Demography. Lingadharane is the ceremony of initiation among Lingayats. [62], Lingayatism worship is centred on the Hindu god Shiva as the universal god in the iconographic form of Ishtalinga. [73][74], This Lingayat concept is similar to shunya Brahma concept found in certain texts of Vaishnavism, particularly in Odiya, such as the poetic Panchasakhas. The Kannada language is classified in the Dravidian Family, and the Lingayats fully identify with it. [34][36] As a leader, he developed and inspired a new devotional movement named Virashaivas, or "ardent, heroic worshippers of Shiva". Socialization within the family is primarily informal and learning occurs there mostly by observation and imitation. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). [69] According to Schrader, it was Abbe Dubois who first remarked that Lingayatism rejects metempsychosis – the belief that the soul of a human being or animal transmigrates into a new body after death. According to Iyer and other scholars, the Lingayatism theology emerged as a definitive egalitarian movement in this theological milieu, grew rapidly beyond north Karnataka. [web 2][note 2], Lingayatism was founded, or revived,[note 2] by the 12th-century philosopher and statesman Basava in Karnataka. A priest (Jangam) is called to perform the rites. Her parents and siblings fulfilled their moral obligations to her, especially in times of crisis. "Lingāyat (Vīrasaiva)." Noneffective kin are remotely related and rarely remembered, and meaningful interaction between them is absent. The census of 1981 places the Karnataka population at 37,135,714 with a population density of 194 persons per square kilometer. Recognition as a religious minority would make Lingayats "eligible for rights to open and manage educational institutions given by the Constitution to religious and linguistic minorities. [94], Lingayats believe that the human body is a temple. Since the dead person is believed to have attained the status of Shiva, the body is washed, clothed, decked with flowers, worshiped, and carried in a procession to the burial yard accompanied by singing in praise of Shiva. Ishwaran, K. (1989). Both are sacred texts in Lingayatism. They are dominant in close to 100 of the 224 assembly seats, mostly in North Karnataka. Lingayats have been estimated to be about 20% of Karnataka's population[7][note 18] ", Bairy: "The Panchacharya tradition, the Mathas which belonged to it and the (upper) castes which owed their allegiance to them were accused by those espousing the Viraktha tradition of actively collaborating with the Brahmins in order to defame the 'progressive' twelfth century movement, which apparently spoke against caste distinctions and often incurred the displeasure of the upper castes within the Lingayath fold. Lingayats do not consider the world as maya, an illusion, and reject the Hindu notions of karma, rebirth, purity, and pollution. [72], Other scholars state that Lingayatism is more complex than the description of the Veerashaiva scholar Sripati. [note 3], In 2000, the Akhila Bharatha [All India] Veerashaiva Mahasabha started a campaign for recognition of "Veerashaivas or Lingayats" as a non-Hindu religion, and a separate listing in the Census. Encyclopedia.com. [88] This social ethic is also found among other Hindu communities of South India, and includes community provisioning of grains and sharing other essentials particularly with poorer members of society and those affected by natural or other disasters.[89]. There have been nine chief ministers from the community. The local artisan groups and labor depended upon the farmers for their survival. This movement shared its roots in the ongoing Bhakti movement, particularly the Shaiva Nayanars traditions, over the 7th- to 11th-century. Yediyurappa pampers dominant communities by creating caste-based authorities in an attempt to win elections and widen his sphere of influence and counter the moves of the BJP central leadership against him. [70] According to Schrader, Lingayats believe that if they live an ethical life then this will be their last life, and they will merge into Shiva, a belief that has fed the confusion that they do not believe in rebirth. ETHNONYMS: Cohatur, Kohatur, Kotar, Koter, Kothur Monographs and Theoretical Studies in Sociology and Anthropology in Honour of Nels Anderson, no. Jamdar, "who is spearheading the demand" in 2017/2018 for recognition of Lingayats as a separate religion, and M.B. These days "love" Marriages are heard of even in the countryside. Other important Lingayat literature includes:[citation needed], The Basava Purana, a Telugu biographical epic poem which narrates the life story of Basava, was written by Palkuriki Somanatha in 13th-century, and an updated 14th-century Kannada version was written by Bhima Kavi in 1369. (1968). After Karnataka, Maharashtra has significant number of Lingayats. The hundreds of biographies of successful Lingayats (published by the Gadag Tontadarya monastery) provide ample evidence of this awareness. Identification. However, the date of retrieval is often important. He is formless, qualityless, and an embodiment of love and compassion. [32], The traditional legends and hagiographic texts state Basava to be the founder of the Lingayats and its secular practices. In carrying this out, they have long been aware that social mobilization could not be achieved without a political orientation. A Handbook of Viraśaivism. He hoped to eat into the vote share of the BJP which has backed heavily on the Lingayat votes. Marriage. Lingayats today are found predominantly in the state of Karnataka, especially in North and Central Karnataka with a sizeable population native to South Karnataka. [33][34][web 1] He was a 12th-century Hindu philosopher, statesman, Kannada poet in the Shiva-focused Bhakti movement and a social reformer during the reign of the Kalachuri king Bijjala II (reigned 1157–1167) in Karnataka, India. "[web 5] Basava's reform movement attracted Shaivite Brahmins from Andhra Pradesh; a century after Basava, "their descendants started mixing practices from their former religion with Lingayatism. Their neighbors, such as the Hausa, Gbari, Birnin Gwari, Yoruba,…, Lingeman, Richard R. 1931- (Niles Chignon, William Randolph Hirsch, a joint pseudonym, Richard Roberts Lingeman), https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/lingayat. Sociological Essays on Veerasaivism. The population of a village may vary anywhere from 250 to 3,500 persons. [20] The Veerashaiva philosophy enabled Lingayats to "win over the Jains to Shiva worship". Religion and Society among the Lingayats of South India. Basavanna was a 12th-century reformer and poet; CM wants his pictures installed in all government offices. [15], Basavanna spread social awareness through his poetry, popularly known as Vachanaas. For example, the artisan community in the village has nearly closed its doors to local customers, as it now seeks new opportunities in the nearby city market in its traditional specialities. ." [44] This success led to Nayaka being appointed as the governor of the coastal Karnataka Kanara region. The Lingayat monasteries, spread across contemporary Karnataka's small and large towns, run schools and colleges with free room and board for needy students. The terms Lingayatism and Veerashaivism have been used synonymously,[note 1] but Veerashaivism may refer to the broader Veerashaiva philosophy which predates Lingayatism,[3] to the historical community now called Lingayats,[4] and to a contemporary (sub)tradition within Lingayatism with Vedic influences. The Succession Act of 1956 that gave guaranteed equal rights to surviving children of deceased parents altered the bonds that once united the conjugal and natal families and brother-sister relationships. Ishwaran, K. (1983). So traditional work is becoming modern work, and traditional skills are becoming modernized in the process. Although Lingayats in past centuries were noted for their religious poetry and philosophical writings, today the chief arts are the singing and playing of hymns. They celebrate most of the Hindu festivals and their own festivals; Several works are attributed to the founder of Lingayatism movement, Basava, and these texts are revered in the Lingayat community. A Populistic Community and Modernization in India. Lingayats are actively involved Politically through participation in the democratic establishment in Karnataka. "[6] Its worship is centred on Hindu god Shiva as the universal god in the iconographic form of Ishtalinga. Basava, the founding father of Lingayat religion, was also in some ways the first to lead a successful crusade in the early part of the twelfth century a.d. against domination by the Sanskrit language in order to make Kannada, the language of the common man, the medium of literary expression. [1][18][19][web 1][note 1] Veerashaivism refers to the broader Veerashaiva philosophy and theology as well as the movement, states Blake Michael, while Lingayata refers to the modern community, sect or caste that adheres to this philosophy. With independence in 1947 and the launching of five-year plans and community development projects, the traditional mode of cultivation is being gradually modernized by the use of chemicals, fertilizers, lift pumps, irrigation, etc. The first section is a porch with a raised platform, usually open but sometimes closed, which is used for visitors and resting. [105] It rejected various forms of ritualism and the uncritical adherence to any text including the Vedas. "[68], Indologist F. Otto Schrader was among early scholars who studied Lingayat texts and its stand on metempsychosis. The move is said to be an attempt to woo voters from Lingayat community, which constitute 17 per cent of state population. The Dogon are a group of about 250,000 people wh…, Kota Vol. Their cultural heritage therefore follows neither the marga (way of seeking) nor the desi (way of instruction) traditions; it rejects the institutions, cultural prescriptions, notions, and values characteristic of both these Hindu traditions. The socialization of a Lingayat child begins immediately after birth when the priest, the jangama, visits the home, names the child, and initiates him or her into the Lingayat faith by tying a linga around the child's neck. In particular, the Shunya Sampadane texts present the ideas of Allama Prabhu in a form of dialogue, where shunya is that void and distinctions which a spiritual journey seeks to fill and eliminate. Wikimedia Commons. In the 21st century, some Lingayats have sought legal recognition as a religion distinct from Hinduism and Veerashaivas,[6][web 1][note 3] a request which has gained political support from the Congress-led Karnataka government, but is opposed by others. [52] However, the British officials also noted the endogamous tradition and hereditary occupations of many Lingayats, which made their classification difficult. "Lingayat Karnataka Chief Minister B.S. Parvathamma, C. (1972). Location. The village farmers, who once produced primarily for Domestic and local purposes, now prefer cash crops such as sugarcane, cotton, chilies, fruits, and vegetables for export. Such customs and conventions generally created an environment in which brother-sister relations continued even after the parents' deaths. There are 15 million in Maharashtra, 10 million in Karnataka, 8 million in Telangana, and 5 million in Tamil Nadu who associate themselves with the Lingayat religion. Beals, Alan R. (1967). Villages are dispersed and connected by paths and main roads that link them to the national highways. Father's brothers and sisters, for example, are described as "big" or "little" "fathers" and "mothers" depending on relative age; terms for paternal and maternal grandfathers and grandmothers are treated in the same way. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Lingayats today are found predominantly in the state of Karnataka, especially in North and Central Karnataka with a sizeable population native to South Karnataka. [4], In the 1871 and the 1881 colonial-era census of British India, Lingayats were listed as shudras. In educated Lingayat families, younger generations enjoy some freedom in the choice of partners, a practice unheard of half a century ago. [web 8] Lingayats claim that Veerashaivas do not truly follow Basava, accept Vedic literature, and "worship idols of Lord Shiva. At birth the mother secures the new ishtalinga to her child. [7][6][web 1][note 4] because it shares beliefs with Indian religions,[6][note 5] and "their [Lingayats] beliefs are syncretistic and include an assemblage of many Hindu elements, including the name of their god, Shiva, who is one of the chief figures of the Hindu pantheon. His words are seconded by Jade Gowda, Hanchiya Naik, Ramachandra and Rachiah, all of whom nod in agreement. They are a numerous group in India, especially in the state of Karnataka. View the profiles of people named Veerashaiva Lingayat Kerala. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Her loss of a share in her parental family property, however, was met through adequate gifts of jewelry and gold during her marriage and on successive visits to the natal family. [107] It was the fountainhead of all religious and philosophical thought pertaining to the Lingayata. Lingayatism is often considered a Hindu sect. and about 10% of Maharashtra's population. The believers of this faith are known as Lingayats or Veera shaivas and they are basically the worshippers of Shiva. [85] Dasoha means "service", and more specifically "service to other Lingayats" including the Jangama. This institution also helped propagate Lingayatism religious and philosophical thought. They are called Lingayats because they worship istalinga, the symbol of Shiva, and they always wear it around their necks or across their chests. [101], Lingayat (Veerashaiva) thinkers rejected the custodial hold of Brahmins over the Vedas and the shastras, but they did not outright reject the Vedic knowledge. Basavanna rejected gender or social discrimination, and caste distinctions,[37] as well as some extant practices such as the wearing of sacred thread,[33] and replaced this with the ritual of wearing Ishtalinga necklace, with an image of the Shiva Liṅga,[38] by every person regardless of his or her birth, to be a constant reminder of one's bhakti (loving devotion) to god Shiva. The term has been derived from Lingavantha in Kannada. However, Kerala's population growth rateis far lower than the national average, although Kerala's population more than doubled between 1951 and 1991 — adding 15.6 million people to reach a total of 29.1 million residents in 1991 — the population stood at 31.8 million by 2001 and 33.3 million in 2011. And the Village washerman's family also is involved in the city electric laundering establishment, the cobbler in its shoe stores, the blacksmith in tool-making jobs, and the goldsmith in the jewelry store. [web 5], According to Gauri Lankesh,[note 9] Veerashaivism is preserved and transmitted by five peethas (Rambhapuri, Ujjaini, Kedar, Shreeshail, Kashi), which play an essential role in the Veerashaiva tradition. Lingayat, also known as Veerashaiva / ˈ v ɪər ə ʃ aɪ v ə /, are a community in India who adhere to Lingayatism. [82] These ideas, states Schouten, are similar to those found in Bhagavad Gita which teaches "work must be done without any attachment to the results". ", Arguments centre on the wording of legislation, such as "This Act applies to a Hindu by religion... including Veerashaiva, a Lingayat," making a distinction between Lingayats and Veerashaivas. Mysore: Mysore University. Patil said the community with a 17% population in Karnataka had made a significant contribution in the state. According to India Today, "Veerashaivas claim that the two communities are one and the same," while orthodox Lingayats claim that they are different. Orientation The Lingayats speak Kannada, one of the four major Dravidian languages spoken in the south of India. Relationships among effective kin are close, intimate, obligatory, and reciprocal, whereas those among noneffective kin are less intimate and functionally insignificant. Modernization and Kin Network. The corporation is seen as a move by Yediyurappa to further consolidate his position as "Lingayat Strongman", as he belongs to the community, amid talks of leadership change in the state BJP circles. The family Guru performs pooja and provides the ishtalinga to the mother, who then ties it to her own ishtalinga until birth. "Pervasive Factionalism in Namhalli." [103], Lingayatism considers the Vedas as a means, but not the sanctimonious end. They have their own priests who officiate at the various life-cycle rites, of which the prominent ones are those dealing with birth, marriage, and death. This is a useful craft for them to possess, rather than a learned profession. [56] Lingayats persisted in their claims for decades,[16] and their persistence was strengthened by Lingayat presence within the government, and a growing level of literacy and employment in journalism and the judiciary. The slogan is attributed to Basava, and generally interpreted to signify a work ethic for all social classes. Lingayats do not label themselves Hindus and claim an independent status for their faith. Kannada literary historians have identified some 1,148 Kannada writers between the eighth and the end of the nineteenth century; of these, there are 453 Lingayats, 377 Brahmans, and 175 Jains, while the rest represent other groups. But what has angered the community the most is the leaked caste census data, which tried to reduce the Lingayat population in the state to 9.8% from what was believed to be around 17%. [10] Colonial-era reports by British officials confirm that Lingayats observed Ganesha Chaturthi in the 19th-century.[11]. Lingayat kinship may be described as multilateral with partly descriptive and partly generic kin terms. ETHNONYMS: The Nupe call themselves Nupeci and refer to their language as Nupe. Subsistence and Commercial Activities. Their temples include Shiva linga in the sanctum, a sitting Nandi facing the linga, with mandapa and other features. "[web 8], The Sharana-movement, which started in the 11th century, is regarded by some as the start of Veerashaivism. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/lingayat, "Lingayat It is not uncommon these days for brothers and sisters to behave like rivals over the sharing of parental property and to take their claims to court. [5] 'Lingayatism' may refer to the whole Lingayat community, but also to a contemporary (sub)tradition dedicated to Basava's original thought, and to a movement within this community which strives toward recognition as an independent religion. Lingayats believe in a one-and-only God and worship him in the form of istalinga, which resembles the shape of a globe. [64] Schouten calls this as a synthesis of Ramanuja's Vishishtadvaita and Shankara's Advaita traditions, naming it Shakti-Vishishtadvaita, that is monism fused with Shakti beliefs. Their ethical and behavioral norms have given them a capacity to coexist with other sociocultural groups and at the same time preserve their religious and cultural homogeneity and identity. Yeddyurappa and that could well mark the beginning of a determined onslaught by the party to capture this Lingayat-dominated district. Lingayats constitute 17% of the total population in Karnataka. 4, 81-124. Lingayats are members of a religious sect in India that dates from the 12th century ad. Retrieved December 20, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/lingayat. Share Via Email There is no marked ability shown in the visual arts. These compositions, collectively known as the Vacanas, have the status of sacred literature, are taught to Lingayats from childhood, and are internalized by them. Leiden: E. J. Brill. "[web 6][26] While Veerashaivas regard the Siddhanta Shikhamani to predate Basava, it may actually have been composed in the 13th or 14th century, post-dating Basava. On eleventh day, a feast will be arranged to friends and relatives and this event is called as Shivagana Aradhana. This concept progressively evolves:[64], Thus bhakti progresses from external icon-aided loving devotional worship of Shiva to deeper fusion of awareness with abstract Shiva, ultimately to advaita (oneness) of one's soul and god for moksha. For them Sanskrit (like church Latin) is the vehicle of feudal values, inherited inequalities, and priestly prerogatives; so they identify with Kannada and contribute to its literary richness and variety. [63], Lingayatism teaches a path to an individual's spiritual progress, and describes it as a six-stage Satsthalasiddhanta. (December 20, 2020). 20 Dec. 2020 . [73] However, there is some overlap, such as in the works of Bhima Bhoi. Dharwar: The Literary Committee, Lingayat Education Association. 3.Those who wear both Lingam and Brahmanical cord. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Nandimath, S. C. (1942). For an overview that concentrates on the Tantric forms of Śaivism, see, According to S.M. Below is the list of sub-castes usually based on their traditional profession. They are also called Virasaivas because of their deep love and commitment to their God, "the Omnipresent and Ever Compassionate.". In the north-western region of Karnataka, which has a limited JD(S) presence, the politicking over the Lingayat issue was seen as the determining factor which helped BJP gain a … [58] In the 1910s, the narrative of Basava and Allama as the "founding pillars" of the Lingayats gained new importance for the identity of parts of the Lingayat-community, with other parts responded with rejection of this "resurrection. Kerala; Entertainment. It was presided over by the mystic Allamaprabhu, and numerous sharanas from all over Karnataka and other parts of India were participants. POPULATION: 15 million (estimate) LANGUAGE: Kannada RELIGION: Lingayat RELATED ARTICLES: Vol. [8], Contemporary Lingayatism is influential in South India, especially in the state of Karnataka. A well-to-do Lingayat farmer's house, made out of mud and stone, consists of three sections. [web 3], The origins of Lingayatism is traced to the 11th- and 12th-century CE in a region that includes northern Karnataka and nearby districts of South India. It means "work is heaven" or "to work [Kayakave] is to be in the Lord's Kingdom [Kailasa]". [27][42] The Lingayats likely were a part of the reason why Vijayanagara succeeded in territorial expansion and in withstanding the Deccan Sultanate wars. Medicine. Speaking of Siva. The Lingayats constituted 17 per cent of the population … Lingayat Economic behavior therefore stems from the values enshrined in their ideology. [web 1] The Istalinga is made up of small blue-black stone coated with fine durable thick black paste of cow dung ashes mixed with some suitable oil to withstand wear and tear. Alternate names for this concept of Hinduism, include shunya purusha and Jagannatha in certain texts. The Panchacharas include:[78], The Ashtavaranas, the eight-fold armour that shields the devotee from extraneous distraction and worldly attachments. They do not worship stone images and the deities of the desi tradition. [28] Two kinds of monastic orders developed. [53] In the 1871 and the 1881 colonial era census of British India, Lingayats were listed as shudras. Encyclopedia.com. For an educated Lingayat couple, neolocal residence is the norm. The Lingayat ritual calendar gives prominence to the birthdays of their saints, the first in importance being the birthday of Basava. Lingayatism is a Shaivite Hindu religious tradition in India. [112], Ikkeri Nayakas, Keladi dynasty (16th-18th century), Separate religious identity (21st century), Roshen Dalal (2010): "The linga is worshipped by all Shaivites, but it is the special emblem of the Lingayats or Virashaivas, a Shaivite sect.

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