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Kenya hosts the largest number of Somali refugees (more than 313,000 as of April 2017), most of concentrated in the Dadaab Refugee Complex, in Garissa County near the Somali border. So many of those people answered, ‘We are Muslims! Molly Ellenberg, M.A. 2. Many in these communities are more likely to live in crowded, multigeneration households and are unable to work remotely. [9] For instance during March when Shia visit shrines in Iraq, controversial Iraqi Shia cleric Muqtada al-Sadr opposed closing the shrines, and Sheikh Ali al-Samawi promised believers they would not be infected by the virus under any circumstances while encouraging them to attend. The virus has been reported in the Jarva area of Stockholm, which includes districts Kista-Rinkeby and Tensta, and around 90 percent of the population coming from an immigrant background. April 3, 2020 Anne Speckhard, Othman Mahamud and Molly Ellenberg. [7] In Israel, the ultra-orthodox are estimated to make up 12 percent of the population but are now turning up as 60 percent of the COVID-19 deaths, showing a similar trend to the Swedish Somali population. BMJ. 2020;94(7). Somalis are not the ones who take what is going to be taken as history and learn from it.”, 37-year-old Somali Mohamed Omar who lives in Garowe, Somalia agrees on the stubborn and resistant nature of Somali diaspora populations stating, “The main reason is that they have not followed the health instructions given to them. cramped housing accommodation, high rates of smoking and poor understanding of the Swedish language (which in turn leads to poor understanding of health information on covid-19 provided by the authorities) may explain the situation. When the COVID-19 pandemic reached the United States last spring, The vaccine for COVID-19 might be the beginning of the end of, Muniz was one of the original TSA officers at Newark who joined, In Louisville on January 5, CBP halted a shipment from Vietnam that, The U.K. announced on January 8 that all passengers arriving from all, Known for its more relaxed response to COVID-19, Sweden has now updated, Personal communication with the authors’ sources from a medical worker in Stockholm, Sweden. Differences in the dietary requirement for vitamin D among Caucasian and East African women at Northern latitude. These include: 1) a culture of stubborn disregard of advice from authorities; 2) ignorance due to language barriers when that advice comes in languages other than Somali. 3. Considering that only 0.84% of the Stockholm County population was born in Somalia (n=8,178 by December 2019) this is an astonishing high rate. She has interviewed over 700 terrorists, their family members and supporters in various parts of the world including in Western Europe, the Balkans, Central Asia, the Former Soviet Union and the Middle East. Often Somalis are gathering socially. [8], Extremist Muslim religious leaders around the world have also advised their followers to continue going on religious pilgrimages and to ignore health warnings from the authorities, stating that COVID-19 is a punishment for the unbelievers and will not touch Muslims. She has also been training key stakeholders in law enforcement, intelligence, educators, and other countering violent extremism professionals on the use of counter-narrative messaging materials produced by ICSVE both locally and internationally as well as studying the use of children as violent actors by groups such as ISIS and consulting foreign governments on issues of repatriation and rehabilitation of ISIS foreign fighters, wives and children. Every single weekend there is a meeting or wedding going on and sometimes people are not obligated to follow preventative procedures. According to a meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation (daily-weekly dosage) prevents acute respiratory tract infections, especially in those with 25(OH)-D below 25 nmol/l (NNT = 4). She regularly writes a column for Homeland Security Today and speaks and publishes on the topics of the psychology of radicalization and terrorism and is the author of several books, including Talking to Terrorists, Bride of ISIS, Undercover Jihadi and ISIS Defectors: Inside Stories of the Terrorist Caliphate. “But it’s up to the people, whether they follow or not. Granlund L, Ramnemark A, Andersson C, Lindkvist M, Fhärm E, Norberg M. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its association with nutrition, travelling and clothing habits in an immigrant population in Northern Sweden. The result has been the rise of the Sweden Democrats, a party whose bland name conceals a Nazi past. Where is the Chinese power? One Somali sheikh listened to by some in the global diaspora, of particular concern for giving bad advice over the Internet, is Mohamud Abdi Umal. Nutr. 2017;356:i6583. Cashman KD, Ritz C, Adebayo FA, Dowling KG, Itkonen ST, et al. She has also been training key stakeholders in law enforcement, intelligence, educators, and other countering violent extremism professionals on the use of counter-narrative messaging materials produced by ICSVE both locally and internationally as well as studying the use of children as violent actors by groups such as ISIS and consulting with governments on issues of repatriation and rehabilitation. 29-year-old Somali Nur Abdi, who lives in London and belongs to the large Somali diaspora in the United Kingdom, comments about economic factors saying, “Somalis live in large overcrowded housing units and most of them are likely to be out engaging on the doorstep.” The Independent newspaper also references the difference in housing between mainstream society and the Somali minority group, stating that more than half of Swedes live one per household, compared to the Somalis typically living in large family units. Across Scandinavia this picture is repeated: Sweden has 57,000 Somalis, the second highest population of Somalis in Europe. Godlee F. The burning building. ... and around 90 percent of the population coming from an immigrant background. Vitamin D status is strongly related to low sun exposure and dark skin. My friend said, the Somalis were still there. To draw comparisons between the Somali experience in Minnesota and Sweden, it is first necessary to present some preliminary population data. The total population in Somalia was estimated at 15.3 million people in 2019, according to the latest census figures and projections from Trading Economics. ... From 2017 onwards immigration to Sweden has dropped, and the 2019 population growth – less than 100,000 people – was the lowest since 2013. Vitamin D3 supplementation in patients with frequent respiratory tract infections: a randomised and double-blind intervention study. Kalliokoski P, Bergqvist Y, Löfvander M. Physical performance and 25-hydroxyvitamin D: a cross-sectional study of pregnant Swedish and Somali immigrant women and new mothers. “Bring any infected person to me and let me kiss them and I’m quite sure that I won’t contract the virus, if he is a true follower of Imam Hussein [the third Shiite Imam and grandson of the Prophet Muhammad], Samawi announced in one of his sermons. “Yesterday a former colleague called me, who had a cold and flu and COVID-19 symptoms. Likewise, they can gain better traction by educating and motivating religious influencers to speak up against extremists who wrongfully preach that Muslims (and other “true believers” in the cases of other religious groups) will not be harmed by COVID-19. Data from Sweden's Public Health Agency confirmed that Somali Swedes made up almost 5 per cent of the country's COVID-19 cases, yet represented less … Pediatr Blood Cancer 2018;65(12):e27361. Editor’s choice. This case example in Sweden teaches an important lesson that diaspora and religious communities may need special attention in times of pandemics. If you are not careful COVID-19 will not differentiate between anyone based on their religion.”. The Board has declared ASD in the Somali population in Sweden a prioritized area of research. Othman works as a Junior Research Fellow with the International Center for the Study of Violent Extremism (ICSVE) helping to produce the Breaking the ISIS Brand Counter Narratives in Somali and to campaign with them on Facebook to fight ISIS’s and al Shabaab’s online and face-to-face recruitment. Does this prove social distancing save lives? 10. A fifth camp, Kambioos, was closed in February 2017. See also:Â,  (March 25, 2020) More Somalis are dying of corona virus in Sweden than any other group.Â, (March 24, 2020). Most of those people who got affected by COVID-19 mostly were unemployed and are now trapped in the queue of death.”, 39-year-old Samatar Hassan, a Somali living in Ethiopia, agrees, stating, “I think the biggest issue is that they don’t realize the seriousness of this illness and that is why they ignored it.”, While stubborn unwillingness to heed health advice is certainly cause for concern, not being informed and aware of health advice is also consequential. These likely can be addressed with good public policy measures that can first reach their target audiences by appealing to the diaspora communities in their own language. 31-year-old Abdulahi Said, who is part of the Somali diaspora in Melbourne, Australia, jumped into the conversation astutely suggesting that the winter cold in Scandinavia likely causes too many Somalis to crowd indoors together: “Somalis have their own restaurants. Most of these issues are likely also active in other Muslim diaspora communities that have not integrated well across Europe and elsewhere, particularly those who may be religiously conservative and have members who follow religious preaching advising them to ignore government health advisories in relation to COVID-19. She is a sought after counterterrorism expert and has consulted to NATO, OSCE, the EU Commission and EU Parliament, European and other foreign governments and to the U.S. Senate & House, Departments of State, Defense, Justice, Homeland Security, Health & Human Services, CIA, and FBI and appeared on CNN, BBC, NPR, Fox News, MSNBC, CTV, and in Time, The New York Times, The Washington Post, London Times and many other publications. Palmblad J, Höglund P. Ethnic benign neutropenia: A phenomenon finds an explanation. This is not a people who read and learn about health awareness and who are careful. Likewise, as the death-toll mounts, using multiple channels of communication, even Facebook and other social media platforms, to spread this news among the various age groups in the community, in their own language, can help a community that is very socially oriented, but also cherishes their elderly enough to refrain from social gathering for a time and to use hand-washing, masks and social distancing to better protect the vulnerable among them. [7] In a randomised trial on individuals with frequent respiratory tract infections, treatment with cholecalciferol 4000 IE/day reduced the need for antibiotic treatment. Her publications are found here: https://georgetown.academia.edu/AnneSpeckhardWebsite: and on the ICSVE website http://www.icsve.org Several generations can live in the same apartment," he added. After the Somali death toll reached disproportionate to the percentage number of those living in Sweden, the authorities decided to interpret all useful information into Somali language.”, Abdirahman Sayid explains. Rinkerby one of the residential areas embodies the runaway crime and is seen as a reflection of Sweden’s failed immigration policies. Nur also comments about the health situation and lowered immune system in the aged saying, “People are living with three generations in the same house, since using a nursing home is not part of our culture.” Likewise, Nur explains that he has observed a poor diet among many Somalis, possibly contributing to increased susceptibility to the virus, and that Somali culture is very social, that, “If someone only lives by his or herself, Somalis see that as someone who is actually crazy.” He also comments on the issue of the language barrier, “The unknown language and the radio stations in Sweden are not working for them.”, 30-year-old British Somali Deeqa, who lives in London and is the other female Somali to respond in these Facebook discussions, blames ignorance, ill-health in the elders in the community and that Somalis are concentrated and like to gather socially. He has worked at the AMNI Centre providing analysis and advice on issues pertaining to security and stability in Somali and the surrounding region as well as a security consultant to the Puntland Ministry of Security.  Othman also has worked as a Public Relations Officer for the Australian Federal Police in community engagement to prevent and recognize radicalization in the Somali Australian community.  He is fluent in English, Arabic and Somali. The Board has declared ASD in the Somali population in Sweden a prioritized area of research. 25-year-old Somali Swedish Abdirahman Sayid echoes others’ comments about language barriers in the Somali diaspora community, “They do not know the language and most of them are able to read in the Somali language only.” Likewise, he points out that, “The Somali person prefers to be told information, not to read information.” He also references an observation that Somalis have apparently continued to ignore or are unaware of quarantine restrictions. Beside the foods they eat do not have enough nutrition to defend their health and immune system.” In reference to unpopularity, Ibrahim Guled is likely referencing prejudice and the fact that Somalis have also been overrepresented in Swedish statistics for those who joined ISIS and the fact that Swedish international workers have been killed by extremists in Somalia. The data was gathered and released by both the Federal Statistical Office and the State Secretariat for Migration and shows that the 4,000 or so Somalis in Switzerland are by far the most prone to being on government benefits with 83.7 per cent relying on state income, 20 Minutes reports. All content copyright ©2021 Homeland Security Today. They also listen to wrong information with extremist ideas from religion scholars. Othman Mahamud, B.S. Until today many people believe that myth. There are currently 40,000 Somali immigrants in Sweden, according to SR, and the Migration Board (Migrationsverket) expects 20,000 more asylum seekers and accompanying family members to arrive in Sweden in the next year, making Somalis … 7 of 10 Somalis had an income less than 5000 SEK per month (1 euro ~ 10 SEK). As a result, Iraqi doctors found that patients who had COVID-19 responded to their health care workers with threats about their honor, and fled the hospital, refusing to be quarantined. Her previous research experiences include positions at Stanford University, UC San Diego, and the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism at the University of Maryland. She regularly speaks and publishes on the topics of the psychology of radicalization and terrorism and is the author of several books, including Talking to Terrorists, Bride of ISIS, Undercover Jihadi and ISIS Defectors: Inside Stories of the Terrorist Caliphate. Everywhere Somalis have that problem.”. "When [coronavirus] spread to Sweden, there was not so much information in Somali, and many continued living as usual," Jihan Mohamed , a board member of the Swedish Somali Medical association, told the publication. in Forensic Psychology from The George Washington University and a B.S. This article details the explanations he received in Facebook discussions over the last week of March 2020 when reaching out in Somali on Facebook, asking the Somali global community for their opinions regarding this startling and grim statistic. Her research has also been published in the Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma. In Editor’s choice of 19 March Fiona Godlee writes, “With the covid-19 pandemic we have entered extraordinary times, when some things are known but many more are not and where decisions must be made nonetheless.”[1] We fully agree. [8] The mechanism is debated; however, modulation of the renin-angiotensin system has been implicated in animal studies of acute respiratory distress syndrome,[9] and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a well-established receptor for the SARS-CoV virus.[10]. In the past three years, she has interviewed  239 ISIS defectors, returnees and prisoners  as well as 16 al Shabaab cadres and their family members (n=25) as well as ideologues (n=2), studying their trajectories into and out of terrorism, their experiences inside ISIS (and al Shabaab), as well as developing the Breaking the ISIS Brand Counter Narrative Project materials from these interviews which includes over 175 short counter narrative videos of terrorists denouncing their groups as un-Islamic, corrupt and brutal which have been used in over 125 Facebook campaigns globally. In 2007, she was responsible for designing the psychological and Islamic challenge aspects of the Detainee Rehabilitation Program in Iraq to be applied to 20,000 + detainees and 800 juveniles. In the past three years, she has interviewed ISIS (n=239) defectors, returnees and prisoners as well as al Shabaab cadres (n=16) and their family members (n=25) as well as ideologues (n=2), studying their trajectories into and out of terrorism, their experiences inside ISIS (and al Shabaab), as well as developing the Breaking the ISIS Brand Counter Narrative Project materials from these interviews which includes over 175 short counter narrative videos of terrorists denouncing their groups as un-Islamic, corrupt and brutal which have been used in over 125 Facebook campaigns globally. Can Case of Samantha Elhassani Be a Positive Example for Repatriation of Other ISIS Wives? In this last regard, 4) extremist preachers on the Internet and on the ground have unfortunately encouraged disregard for Swedish prevention recommendations and social distancing, saying instead that one’s fate is ordained by Allah and that only non-Muslims will contract COVID-19. Faduma from Gothenburg, Sweden replies, “They are taught, and it is important that you learn the language, but our Somali people are not as committed as other ethnic groups.” She adds as a caveat, however, “Now many multilingual publications for awareness are available, which will make it easier for everyone to understand health information and guidelines in the future.”. Lastly, most of the Somali people over are 50 have diabetes or high blood pressure.”. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001663. ... including Somali and Arabic due to the deaths in Sweden. Moreover, some note that elders are nearly always cared for at home and that many Somalis over the age of 50 have significant pre-existing health conditions including diabetes and high blood pressure. In 1990, the United … In addition, Somalis are not afraid from disease. is a research fellow at ICSVE.  Molly Ellenberg holds an M.A. Xu J, Yang J, Chen J, Luo Q, Zhang Q, Zhang H. Vitamin D alleviates lipopolysaccharide‑induced acute lung injury via regulation of the renin‑angiotensin system. They kill time there. "Many live in crammed quarters there. European Attacks and the Uproar Over Hate Speech as ISIS Virtual Caliphate Continues to Reign, PERSPECTIVE: Qatar Takes a Major Step Toward a Freer Society. A 2000 report by the United Nations High Commissioner of Refugees (UNHCR) records 5,200 Somali refugees being granted asylum in the USA. Bergman P, Norlin AC, Hansen S, Rekha RS, Agerberth B, et al. Follows Canada in Requiring Travelers to Prove They Have Tested Negative for COVID-19, Sweden Now Recommends Masks When Traveling on Public Transportation. 7. “Somalis are unpopular in this country and therefore, are unlikely to receive real health care service. Follow @AnneSpeckhard, For COVID-19 researchers, the new year brings a strong sense of déjà vu. 8. She states, “Even if the person is COVID-19 positive, he or she believes that it is normal flu and they don’t self-isolate. Although this observation is anecdotal, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that Somali refugees in the U.S. indeed have higher rates of hypertension and diabetes than the general population, and other studies have found PTSD in Somali first-generation immigrants to the U.S. who were tortured at home with one center finding men having unexplained heart attacks at relatively young ages. No competing interests, Örebro University, School of Medical Sciences, Copyright © 2021 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd     京ICP备15042040号-3, Women’s, children’s & adolescents’ health, Inhabitants of Swedish-Somali origin are at great risk for covid-19. At ICSVE, she is working on coding and analyzing the data from ICSVE’s qualitative research interviews of ISIS and al Shabaab terrorists, running Facebook campaigns to disrupt ISIS’s and al Shabaab’s online and face-to-face recruitment, and developing and giving trainings for use with the Breaking the ISIS Brand Counter Narrative Project videos. 5. Life in the Stockholm suburb of Rinkeby seen through the eyes of a mother fighting to improve life for its residents. All rights reserved. 2016;70:373-9. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2015.176. Most Somalis in Denmark emigrated from Somalia following the start of the Somali Civil War (1986-), in the period between 1995 and 2000. Molly has presented original research at the International Summit on Violence, Abuse, and Trauma and UC San Diego Research Conferences. in Psychology with a Specialization in Clinical Psychology from UC San Diego. Lastly, the quarantine aim was for everyone to stay at home, but Somalis invite each other over to their homes and they play all night play-station games and so forth. 4. [6] Similarly, ultra-Orthodox Haredim in Israel have disregarded quarantine orders broadcast largely through the secular media, with leaders encouraging the community to continue attending large gatherings such as weddings and funerals. He took no advice, and the health prevention measures of the restaurants are also still the same; no precautions at all. doi: 10.1002/pbc.27361. To this, Othman asks if new immigrants are not required to learn Swedish upon arrival, if language incompetence is a major factor, and if men and women have the same difficulties. Anne Speckhard, Ph.D., is Director of the International Center for the Study of Violent Extremism (ICSVE) and serves as an Adjunct Associate Professor of Psychiatry at Georgetown University School of Medicine. The aim of the present work therefore was to perform a new prevalence study in the same If you were arrogant yesterday, feel the pain today, which, you have made in your own hand.”. In order to cope with the covid-19 epidemic, preventive measures could be administration of vitamin D to high-risk populations, e.g. [11] In this vein, 22-year-old Somali Towfiq Shire Muuse, who lives in Amsterdam, remarks about the general Somali ignorance of the Swedish quarantine but adds that social gathering seems to be preventing this type of stigmatization in the community: “The Swedish government has ordered closures of businesses and mosques, but it appears that some Somalis are still going to mosques and making social gatherings. Other Swedish medical experts estimate 18 percent of the COVID-19 deaths country-wide are from the Somali community. Why don’t you get rid of the small virus? Mol Med Rep. 2017;16:7432-8. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7546. Likewise, 3) the Somali diaspora’s tendency for large multi-generational families living in close quarters in a cold climate where some may wish to escape to cafes, outdoor stoops, mosques or other places to gather, or have to work. On the other hand, Somalis visit each other and share the pain with the sufferer so they avoid the patient feeling discriminated against or to feel that they are not to blame later on.”. Social Distancing in Sweden is ignored mostly by the Somali community, the Somali population in Sweden is 70k .7% of the population. 25-year-old Somali Swedish Abdirahman Sayid, who is university educated, refers to the widespread Islamic belief in God-ordained fate: “In my view, the reason why they did not take the government’s advice was that they intuitively listen to Somali clerics when it comes this intense wide spread of sickness and they say, ‘What is meant to happen to my health, it’s already ordained by Allah.’ But, the Quran never said, ‘Don’t look after yourself.’ They are misinterpreting the Quran.”, Abdirahman goes on to state, “A man we used to pray together with at the mosque called me and told me that the mosque is still open and that the café in the mosque is still working as well!!! 9. Here it’s a free country you know.”, Large Families, Overcrowding, Economic Factors and a Culture of Social Gathering. A Somali super mum in Sweden. Of the first 15 people to die of coronavirus in and around Stockholm, six were of Somali heritage ― a group that makes up less than 1% of the area’s population. Looking back, in the year of 1960, Somalia had a population of 2.8 million people. Life in the Stockholm suburb of Rinkeby seen through the eyes of a mother fighting to improve life for its residents. Will Upcoming Trials of ISIS Women in Syria Speed Up Repatriations of Some? Therefore, the International Center for Violent Extremism’s [ICSVE] Junior Research Fellow, Othman A. Mahamud, a Somali who lives in Australia, conducted an Internet research foray into the Somali Facebook global diaspora and Somali communities to explore the possible explanations for this disturbing phenomenon. 2019; 58:2281-91. doi: 10.1007/s00394-018-1775-1. 2012;2(6). Thus, the community finds it harder to practice the necessary social distancing to protect from COVID-19. 1. Among the first 15 deaths due to covid-19 in Stockholm County, six were reported, by the Swedish-Somali medical society, to be of Somali origin (March 24). 22-year-old, Somali Swedish Mustaf Salah from the small town of Falköping, Sweden lists stubborn disregard, large families living in close quarters and frequent social gatherings as the problems to which he attributes the high COVID-19 death rate in the Swedish Somali community: “First, we refused to follow the guidelines and the awareness to remain home and not to meet with a large number of people in restaurants, community centers, mosques, barbershops. 6. Swedish Coronavirus deaths increase, with concerns about Somali-Swedes in particularÂ, 13th Coast Guard Vice Commandant Robert Scarborough Dies at Age 97, Over $265 Million Obligated to Partner with U.S. Defense Industrial Base to Combat COVID-19, PTSD in Somali first-generation immigrants, Iraqi Shia cleric Muqtada al-Sadr opposed closing the shrines, https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2020/3/25/somalis-are-dying-of-coronavirus-in-sweden, https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=2054&artikel=7437072, https://www.minnpost.com/community-voices/2017/05/tale-twin-cities-and-somalis-being-trumped/. More than 100,000 Somalia-born live in the three countries, mostly in Sweden and Norway, one of the largest Somali diasporas in the world. [But,] in that world there was an invasion of a virus that the eye didn’t catch. In fact, a total of 51,405 people died in Sweden between January and June, the largest number of deaths in those months since 1869 (when 55,431 people died, although Sweden's population was much smaller at the time). [1] Normally, this diaspora group fades into the background, but now, suddenly, a chilling new statistic brings them to the fore, as 40 percent of the reported COVID-19 related deaths occurring in Stockholm involve the Somali diaspora communities. Adults with low sun-exposure and/or individuals with risk Factors for respiratory tract infections: a phenomenon finds an explanation,. Have said somali population in sweden 's higher Ritz C, Adebayo FA, Dowling KG, ST... International Summit on Violence, Abuse, and Trauma and UC San Diego her publications are found here https... That regard, some blamed language barriers as being part of the time that is how they the... Second, the mosques and restaurants are also still the same apartment, '' he added holds M.A... 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