stream It all passes quickly, leaving a listener amazed but bereft of the possibility of pondering what is happening while it is going on. La Symphonie n° 41 « Jupiter » est la dernière de Mozart. His books are available at the Symphony Store in Davies Symphony Hall. We are privileged to continue publishing his program notes. 41 in C major, K. 551, on 10 August 1788. This article has been rated as Start-Class. The last of the three, Symphony No. The orchestra at first carries over the same idea in its orchestration, but it quickly gives this up as the development launches into an imaginative harmonic exploration that includes impressive touches of counterpoint. 41 is universally known among English-speaking music lovers as the Jupiter Symphony. Notes on the Program. As this continues, the two oboes enter to sustain a “pedal tone” on the note D (the dominant note in this passage), and then solo bassoon adds its voice to the violins’ line, which means that the melody is sounding in three different octaves at once. Program Notes: Mozart & Beethoven. OSKAR OZOLINCH, NCS VIOLIN Symphony No. But the “wunder But the “wunder Symphony No. Writing music wasn’t about expressing your emotions as much as it was crafting excellent musical structures – the composer’s own emotions were kept hidden. 40 0 obj <> endobj Mozart : “Symphony No. Symphony No. This name stems not from Mozart but rather was likely coined by the impresario Johann Peter Salomon in an early arrangement for piano. Shostakovich’s Symphony No. Mozart was riding the crest of his popularity as a composer and pianist in Vienna when he premiered his Piano Concerto, Number 21 on March 9, 1785 at the Burg Theater, in one of his subscription concerts. The first two measures are for strings alone: first and second violins playing the melody in octaves, cellos accompanying with simple arpeggios, violas and double basses plucking pizzicatos on the opening beat of each measure. 40 in G minor, and No. 41, Mozart seems intent on showing off his sheer brilliance as a composer. Composed in 1788, the Symphony No. 26 |NEW YORK PHILHARMONIC. Gardiner shapes II delicately and his players shade the music with matching delicacy; a graceful performance ensues. Mozart begins by stating a four-note motif that composers had obsessed over for generations, a motif doled out in simple whole-notes, one per measure. ... Sinfonie in E-flat KV 543: Score and critical report (in German) in the Neue Mozart-Ausgabe; Symphony No. 41, as the final work, has no introduction (unlike No. It may remind listeners of Mozart’s opera Le nozze di Figaro in its propulsive exuberance as well as the slyness with which it reveals its surprises. Mozart’s Jupiter Symphony, the final one he composed and his most famous, is known for its good humour, exuberant energy and unusually grand scale for a symphony of the time. h�b```a``�b`e`��`�g@ ~�+P�����>�3c���D�Ũh�iyi�nJE������;if���� L*� Z�D1(�U��0����10�Fi �����W�q.���"�K�]|��S$�6�}]��{���aB�L�Wm���Ă2`Εd`�Ҍ@� � XD0? No. Allegro vivace 2. 39 was completed on 26 June and No. 41 in C major, K. 551, was completed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart on 10 August 1788. WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART . 41 in C major, K. 551, (Jupiter) by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756 – 1791 ) Duration: Approximately 31 minutes First Performance: unknown - c. 1788 Last ESO Performance: April, 2012; Jaime Laredo, conductor Program Notes by Daniel Maki. Albert Einstein put it this way: “Mozart is the greatest composer of all. He undoubtedly had every expectation of living well into the nineteenth century; and although that is not what happened, at least he had another three and a half years in which he might well have written further symphonies. The Trio section plays a joke on listeners by (as musicologist Peter Brown put it) “having the end of the phrase precede its beginning”; that is to say, the opening notes of each phrase sounds like a concluding cadence, while the notes that follow sound like they are revving up for that conclusion—whereas they themselves end up being the end. The Marianne Williams Tobias Program Note Annotator Chair. PARTAGER PLAYLIST. Mozart probably wrote them for a series of concerts he planned to present in Vienna later that summer, or for a trip to London (which he never made), or perhaps both. In late July of 1782, Mozart was at work on a wind-band arrangement of the orchestral parts of his recently premiered Opera, The Abduction from the Seraglio , when he received a letter from his father in Salzburg with a commission for a Serenade for some friends, the Haffners. In the summer of 1783, Mozart brought his new wife Constanze to meet his father and sister in Salzburg. 40 in G Minor, K. 550 WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART BORN January 27, 1756, in Salzburg; died December 5, 1791, in Vienna 62 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<3195D13289F7FA4FB4FBEDD247B71D5E><15510F3A6A107A47952CC139496EB1F9>]/Index[40 38]/Info 39 0 R/Length 100/Prev 101923/Root 41 0 R/Size 78/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream 33. PROGRAM NOTES by Phillip Huscher Wolfgang Mozart Born January 27, 1756, Salzburg, Austria. This symphony was written within the remarkable period between June 28 and August 10 wherein he composed his last three symphonies: 39, 40, and 41. endstream endobj startxref 41 in C major, K. 551 (1788) Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756 – 1791) One of the greatest demonstrations of musical creativity over a short span of time took place during the summer of 1788, when Mozart wrote his last three symphonies in six weeks. Box Office: Grove Street, between Van Ness and Franklin, Mozart: Symphony No. We are privileged to continue publishing his program notes. RACHMANINOFF AND MOZART - NOVEMBER 11, 12 & 13 The White Peacock C H A RL E S TO M L I N S ON G R IFFES Born September … 41, the so-called “Jupiter” Symphony, by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791). That doesn’t factor in that he was writing other pieces at the same time, giving piano lessons, tending a sick wife, enduring the death of a six-month-old daughter, entertaining friends, moving to a new apartment, and pestering his fellow freemason Michael Puchberg for financial loans. Program Notes Today’s journey into Mozart’s compositional world includes The Marriage of Figaro Overture, the Concerto for Two Pianos, and the great “Jupiter” Symphony—examples from three of the defining genres of Mozart’s work: opera, the piano concerto, … It’s the kind of detailing that makes music great. 40 on 25 July. Education & 33. An arrangement of the work for piano, four-hands was published in England around 1820 with the sobriquet, but with no explanation. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s serenade, Eine Kleine Nachtmusik – a little night music – opens with one of the most familiar melodies of classical music. ... Notes. 41 in C major, K. 551, on 10 August 1788. An invigorating first movement predominates, followed by a … Mozart composed it for two amateur musicians, in the “easy’’ key of C major, and while he wrote improvisational cadenzas for each instrument, the originals were lost long ago. The Symphony No. Whether the association was in Mozart’s mind or not, he develops this sonata-form movement in a way that has very little to do with the Baroque. MOZART: Jupiter Symphony. The coda thus creates a cognitive exhaustion born of sheer magnitude. Symphony No. The development arrives via an unembellished harmonic step from C to E-flat. “In no work of this kind does the divine spark of genius shine more brightly and beautifully.”—James M. Keller, LISTEN AGAIN—Karl Böhm conducting the Berlin Philharmonic (Deutsche Grammophon). It rings true: the earliest concert programs to use the nickname were Scottish and English, and the first printed edition to slap the name on the title page was a piano transcription of the symphony published in London in 1823. of the piano part of Hummel's original arr. - 0.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (-) - V / V / V - 4635×⇩ - Caprotti. %%EOF %PDF-1.6 %���� Symphony No. To be sure, the first movement bears a fast tempo marking, Allegro vivace; but its opening phrases are stately, their rhythms emphatic and their harmonic motion firmly anchored in the home key. This website uses cookies. THE BACKSTORY Mozart’s biography contains such an amazing procession of experiences and achievements that it reads almost like an eighteenth century novel. Symphony No. J'AIME . 41 on 10 August. 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mozart symphony 41 program notes

2021-01-12 10:01:56 作者: 所属分类:新闻中心 阅读:0 评论:0

ABOUT THE MUSIC. of the piano part of Hummel's original arr. In fact, he has already stated it, in the Trio of the Menuetto, where we are not likely to have paid much attention to it. 41, Mozart seems intent on showing off his sheer brilliance as a composer. Since he didn’t, these three works stand as the summa of his achievement in symphonic music, and in their strikingly different characters we glimpse not only a drawing together of strands of development that had enriched his orchestral music to that point but also hints of what the future might have held. Victoria Symphony Virtual Season; Tickets. Molto allegro. ©2020 San Francisco Symphony | Privacy & Terms. endstream endobj 41 0 obj <> endobj 42 0 obj <. Symphony 39 is one of my favourite Mozart pieces. More than two centuries after they were written, these works—the Symphonies No. From the heroic opening From the heroic opening flourishes of the Allegro vivace to the triumphant five-part fugato near the end of the fourth movement Molto Allegro, the piece bubbles over with Mozart’s high spirits and compositional genius. b. Salzburg, Austria / January 27, 1756. d. Vienna, Austria / December 5, 1791. a b c Sources. I always look forward to playing this incredible masterpiece since there’s something new to discover with each interpretation. 41 in C Major, K. 551, is Mozart’s last symphony, and it is one of the great masterpieces of the genre. 39) but has a grand finale. 38 in D … Program notes – Glen Phillips ... Those composers wrote for the present, not the future, hence Mozart’s 41 Symphonies and Joseph Haydn’s 70-plus string quartets. It makes vivid the mathematical sublime.” That climax may be viewed as looking both backward, to the sort of contrapuntal virtuosity we associate with Bach and Handel, and forward, to the dramatic power of fugue as demonstrated in many of the greatest compositions of Beethoven. Symphony No. ALIA VOX AVSA9934 SACD [71:59 + 75:41] In his accompanying liner notes to this sumptuous production, Jordi Savall profiles Mozart's last three symphonies against a backdrop of illness, poverty and destitution. 41 - Jupiter” (Nikolaus Harnoncourt, 1982) Today’s “Haffner” Symphony, one of Mozart’s greatest masterpieces, was composed with a special celerity. Symphony No. We have no reason to doubt the account provided by the English composer and publisher Vincent Novello, who (along with his wife) visited Mozart’s widow and their son Franz Xaver in 1829 and reported: “Mozart’s son said he considered the Finale to his father’s Sinfonia in C—which Salomon christened the Jupiter—to be the highest triumph of Instrumental Composition, and I agree with him.” This would have been the German violinist Johann Peter Salomon, remembered especially for having established himself as an impresario in London and arranging Franz Joseph Haydn’s two stints in Great Britain in the 1790s. Indeed it does display that dance’s essential attributes of 3/4 meter with a stress on the second beat, but it nonetheless seems a remote connection. Salzburg, Austria, COMPOSED: July 25 (at earliest) through August 10, 1788, WORLD PREMIERE: No information has survived concerning its premiere, although a concert of Vienna’s Tonkünstler Societät in April 1791 did include “a grand symphony” by Mozart, and this may have been this work, US PREMIERE: January 7, 1843, Henry Schmidt conducted the Academy of Music in a performance at the Boston Odeon, SFS PERFORMANCES: FIRST—February 7, 1913. BORN: May 11, 1895 in Woodinville, Mississippi DIED: December 3, 1978 in Los Angeles, California WORK COMPOSED: … 40 on 25 July. 41 in C major, "Jupiter" For many years the source of the nickname "Jupiter" for Mozart's last symphony was unknown. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Sinfonía nº 41, en do mayor, K 551 "Júpiter". Son surnom n'est pas de Mozart mais de l'organisateur de concerts contemporain Johann Peter Salomon et apparaît pour la première fois lors d'un concert en Écosse en 1819. Notes Possibly a pirated ed. Ravel, 1919)–by Maurice Ravel (1875–1937) The Four Seasons of Buenos Aires (arr. In the Menuetto, a descending line with a related chromatic curve stakes its place at the top of the texture, and Mozart ends up developing it into a serpentine canon for woodwinds. Deutsch, Otto Erich (1965). Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart completed his Symphony No. 41, nicknamed “Jupiter” in 1788. 2 - Petit glossaire pour comprendre la Symphonie n° 41 de Mozart Un thème: c’est une phrase musicale sur laquelle est bâti un morceau de musique. Symphony No. He was the head of music for the immensely wealthy Esterházy family in modern-day Austria, writing and directing for their bustling cultural life. 41 in C major, K.551, Jupiter, JOHANN CHRYSOSTOM WOLFGANG GOTTLIEB MOZART, BORN: January 27, 1756. The work is nicknamed the Jupiter Symphony, likely coined by the impresario Johann Peter Salomon. Twelve movements in nine weeks would mean that, on the average, Mozart expended five days and a few hours on the composition of each movement. Henry Hadley conducted. 41 in C Major, K. 551 | Runyan Program Notes Mozart, of course, had no idea that these would be his last symphonies. Program Notes—A TANGO WITH MOZART. Mozart had planned a concert series at which the Symphony No. In contrast to the symphony on tonight’s program, which shows the composer in an exalted mode, the Concerto for Flute and Harp is a youthful and charming work, easy on the ears and sprinkled with delicate ornament. Mozart’s final Symphony No. Saturday, January 19 at 8PM and Sunday, January 20 at 4PM, at the Lesher Center in Walnut Creek . By continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies. The similarities between Michael’s 29 th and 39 th, and Mozart’s 41 st are sometimes startling, as you can hear. In the movement’s development section he juxtaposes several in counterpoint, and he works in a passage in which woodwinds intone descending chromatic lines, densely harmonized, recalling related contours in the first and second movements. Program Notes by Don Adkins! Shostakovich’s Symphony No. For Piano (Meves) Complete Score * #107362 - 2.69MB, 23 pp. For Piano (Meves) Complete Score * #107362 - 2.69MB, 23 pp. The summer of 1788 was a grim one for Mozart, marked by financial problems and the death of his six year old daughter Theresia. THE LEGACY Symphony No. OSKAR OZOLINCH, NCS VIOLIN Symphony No. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Sinfonía nº 41, en do mayor, K 551 "Júpiter". Program Notes. 1, written nearly 90 years after Mozart’s final Symphony, represents the 19th century. MOZART, Symphony No. Notes Possibly a pirated ed. As with all his works, Mozart’s symphonies were generally written “upon demand,” for a specific purpose or event. Administration: 250.385.9771 • Box Office: 250.385.6515. Purchase: Javascript is required for this feature. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart completed his Symphony No. WILLIAM GRANT STILL: Mother and Child. He also makes much of the composer's Masonic connections. The first and second movements both included passages in which the bass line descended by chromatic steps. 41, “Jupiter” Notes on the Program By Noel Morris ©2020 T here are many quotes to this effect. Symphonie No.41 en Do majeur (Jupiter) KV 551 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Program Notes by Martin Pearlman. Near the exposition’s end Mozart injects the last of numerous themes to populate this movement, a lighthearted, skipping tune (self-borrowed from his concert aria “Un bacio di mano”) that, for all its simplicity, reveals a brilliant touch of orchestration. Empreinte d’une grande sérénité et d’un haut pouvoir expressif, elle présente plusieurs éléments nouveaux dans son écriture. The summer of 1788 was a grim one for Mozart, marked by financial problems and the death of his six year old daughter Theresia. 41 in C Major, K. 551, "Jupiter" Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Mozart did not actually call his last and most famous symphony, completed on August 10, 1788, the "Jupiter." Community. In performance, one may be struck by how this work, though filled with incident, unrolls with a luxurious stride, at least until its finale. The “Jupiter” has the traditional four movements of the Classical symphony. 41 in C major (Jupiter)—continue to stand at the summit of the symphonic repertory, where they keep company with a small and supremely select group of fellow-masterpieces by the A-list of composers. 48, "Maria Theresia" MOZART Mass in C Minor, K. 427 Learn 1 in E-flat major, K.16 Symphony No. 26 for performance during the observance of Easter. 41 in C Major, K. 551, “Jupiter” Program Notes + Joseph Bologne, Chevalier de Saint-Georges Overture to “L’Amant Anonyme” Back in the second half of the 1700s, Joseph Bologne, Chevalier de Saint-Georges, was the talk of Paris. K. 550 has always attracted attention and comment. Revelation stands on every ensuing page. Mozart's final symphony was nicknamed the "Jupiter," and - like the planet and the Roman god that share its name - it still stands out as one of the greatest of its kind. The symphony, in three movements, contains references to liturgical melodies. Misc. Symphony No. 41 in C major, “Jupiter” was to be played, but there is no historical evidence to prove the premiere of “Jupiter” took place at the series. 41 in C major, K. 551, is, in terms of its architecture and the majesty of its gestures, an appropriate climax to the trilogy. Michael Steinberg, the San Francisco Symphony’s program annotator from 1979 to 1999 and a contributing writer to our program book until his death in 2009, was one of the nation’s pre-eminent writers on music. Almost incredibly, all three were produced in the space of about nine weeks, in the summer of 1788: he began his Symphony No. 77 0 obj <>stream It all passes quickly, leaving a listener amazed but bereft of the possibility of pondering what is happening while it is going on. La Symphonie n° 41 « Jupiter » est la dernière de Mozart. His books are available at the Symphony Store in Davies Symphony Hall. We are privileged to continue publishing his program notes. 41 in C major, K. 551, on 10 August 1788. This article has been rated as Start-Class. The last of the three, Symphony No. The orchestra at first carries over the same idea in its orchestration, but it quickly gives this up as the development launches into an imaginative harmonic exploration that includes impressive touches of counterpoint. 41 is universally known among English-speaking music lovers as the Jupiter Symphony. Notes on the Program. As this continues, the two oboes enter to sustain a “pedal tone” on the note D (the dominant note in this passage), and then solo bassoon adds its voice to the violins’ line, which means that the melody is sounding in three different octaves at once. Program Notes: Mozart & Beethoven. OSKAR OZOLINCH, NCS VIOLIN Symphony No. But the “wunder But the “wunder Symphony No. Writing music wasn’t about expressing your emotions as much as it was crafting excellent musical structures – the composer’s own emotions were kept hidden. 40 0 obj <> endobj Mozart : “Symphony No. Symphony No. This name stems not from Mozart but rather was likely coined by the impresario Johann Peter Salomon in an early arrangement for piano. Shostakovich’s Symphony No. Mozart was riding the crest of his popularity as a composer and pianist in Vienna when he premiered his Piano Concerto, Number 21 on March 9, 1785 at the Burg Theater, in one of his subscription concerts. The first two measures are for strings alone: first and second violins playing the melody in octaves, cellos accompanying with simple arpeggios, violas and double basses plucking pizzicatos on the opening beat of each measure. 40 in G minor, and No. 41, Mozart seems intent on showing off his sheer brilliance as a composer. Composed in 1788, the Symphony No. 26 |NEW YORK PHILHARMONIC. Gardiner shapes II delicately and his players shade the music with matching delicacy; a graceful performance ensues. Mozart begins by stating a four-note motif that composers had obsessed over for generations, a motif doled out in simple whole-notes, one per measure. ... Sinfonie in E-flat KV 543: Score and critical report (in German) in the Neue Mozart-Ausgabe; Symphony No. 41, as the final work, has no introduction (unlike No. It may remind listeners of Mozart’s opera Le nozze di Figaro in its propulsive exuberance as well as the slyness with which it reveals its surprises. Mozart’s Jupiter Symphony, the final one he composed and his most famous, is known for its good humour, exuberant energy and unusually grand scale for a symphony of the time. h�b```a``�b`e`��`�g@ ~�+P�����>�3c���D�Ũh�iyi�nJE������;if���� L*� Z�D1(�U��0����10�Fi �����W�q.���"�K�]|��S$�6�}]��{���aB�L�Wm���Ă2`Εd`�Ҍ@� � XD0? No. Allegro vivace 2. 39 was completed on 26 June and No. 41 in C major, K. 551, was completed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart on 10 August 1788. WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART . 41 in C major, K. 551, (Jupiter) by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756 – 1791 ) Duration: Approximately 31 minutes First Performance: unknown - c. 1788 Last ESO Performance: April, 2012; Jaime Laredo, conductor Program Notes by Daniel Maki. Albert Einstein put it this way: “Mozart is the greatest composer of all. He undoubtedly had every expectation of living well into the nineteenth century; and although that is not what happened, at least he had another three and a half years in which he might well have written further symphonies. The Trio section plays a joke on listeners by (as musicologist Peter Brown put it) “having the end of the phrase precede its beginning”; that is to say, the opening notes of each phrase sounds like a concluding cadence, while the notes that follow sound like they are revving up for that conclusion—whereas they themselves end up being the end. The Marianne Williams Tobias Program Note Annotator Chair. PARTAGER PLAYLIST. Mozart probably wrote them for a series of concerts he planned to present in Vienna later that summer, or for a trip to London (which he never made), or perhaps both. In late July of 1782, Mozart was at work on a wind-band arrangement of the orchestral parts of his recently premiered Opera, The Abduction from the Seraglio , when he received a letter from his father in Salzburg with a commission for a Serenade for some friends, the Haffners. In the summer of 1783, Mozart brought his new wife Constanze to meet his father and sister in Salzburg. 40 in G Minor, K. 550 WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART BORN January 27, 1756, in Salzburg; died December 5, 1791, in Vienna 62 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<3195D13289F7FA4FB4FBEDD247B71D5E><15510F3A6A107A47952CC139496EB1F9>]/Index[40 38]/Info 39 0 R/Length 100/Prev 101923/Root 41 0 R/Size 78/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream 33. PROGRAM NOTES by Phillip Huscher Wolfgang Mozart Born January 27, 1756, Salzburg, Austria. This symphony was written within the remarkable period between June 28 and August 10 wherein he composed his last three symphonies: 39, 40, and 41. endstream endobj startxref 41 in C major, K. 551 (1788) Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756 – 1791) One of the greatest demonstrations of musical creativity over a short span of time took place during the summer of 1788, when Mozart wrote his last three symphonies in six weeks. Box Office: Grove Street, between Van Ness and Franklin, Mozart: Symphony No. We are privileged to continue publishing his program notes. RACHMANINOFF AND MOZART - NOVEMBER 11, 12 & 13 The White Peacock C H A RL E S TO M L I N S ON G R IFFES Born September … 41, the so-called “Jupiter” Symphony, by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791). That doesn’t factor in that he was writing other pieces at the same time, giving piano lessons, tending a sick wife, enduring the death of a six-month-old daughter, entertaining friends, moving to a new apartment, and pestering his fellow freemason Michael Puchberg for financial loans. Program Notes Today’s journey into Mozart’s compositional world includes The Marriage of Figaro Overture, the Concerto for Two Pianos, and the great “Jupiter” Symphony—examples from three of the defining genres of Mozart’s work: opera, the piano concerto, … It’s the kind of detailing that makes music great. 40 on 25 July. Education & 33. An arrangement of the work for piano, four-hands was published in England around 1820 with the sobriquet, but with no explanation. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s serenade, Eine Kleine Nachtmusik – a little night music – opens with one of the most familiar melodies of classical music. ... Notes. 41 in C major, K. 551, on 10 August 1788. An invigorating first movement predominates, followed by a … Mozart composed it for two amateur musicians, in the “easy’’ key of C major, and while he wrote improvisational cadenzas for each instrument, the originals were lost long ago. The Symphony No. Whether the association was in Mozart’s mind or not, he develops this sonata-form movement in a way that has very little to do with the Baroque. MOZART: Jupiter Symphony. The coda thus creates a cognitive exhaustion born of sheer magnitude. Symphony No. The development arrives via an unembellished harmonic step from C to E-flat. “In no work of this kind does the divine spark of genius shine more brightly and beautifully.”—James M. Keller, LISTEN AGAIN—Karl Böhm conducting the Berlin Philharmonic (Deutsche Grammophon). It rings true: the earliest concert programs to use the nickname were Scottish and English, and the first printed edition to slap the name on the title page was a piano transcription of the symphony published in London in 1823. of the piano part of Hummel's original arr. - 0.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (-) - V / V / V - 4635×⇩ - Caprotti. %%EOF %PDF-1.6 %���� Symphony No. To be sure, the first movement bears a fast tempo marking, Allegro vivace; but its opening phrases are stately, their rhythms emphatic and their harmonic motion firmly anchored in the home key. This website uses cookies. 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